Introduction To Forensic Science

Introduction To Forensic Science Over the past decades, Forensic science has evolved and has been embraced by most states as a vital constituent of modern legal practice. It is widely used in courts as a major source for the outcome of a verdict. Forensic science has attained a merit of its own although it is relatively new in the jurisprudence world. As technology and science have evolved with time, more and new methodologies and practices in law realm have been established. In United States (U.S.) specifically, the application of utilizing forensic analysis has become a routine (James,2009). The rate at which forensic evidence is used in criminal courts depends on the type of offence. For example, for murder cases forensic science evidence is presented almost always. In criminal cases, a prosecution team commissions most of the forensic assignments. On the other hand, the legal team of the defendant can commission forensic assignments to challenge or check the prosecutions forensic evidence or to determine the innocence of the defendant. Forensic evidence has enabled to link offenders to their victims and crime scenes using physical evidence and also in identifying individuals without peer. With perspiration, a fleck of blood, saliva on a cups rim, a piece of hair among others has been successfully used to link a suspect to a crime. Innocent and wrongly accused individuals have been exonerated using such evidences. Persons who have been jailed for years have later been exonerated after DNA analysis has been carried out to prove their innocence. To yield positive results, crime laboratories have enforced professionalism, adopted reliable procedures and coordinated with both the legal and the scientific communities. Presently, for a scientific system to be accepted before a court, the evidence derived from it does not have to go through a prescribed test. For future admissibility of scientific evidence in court to be shaped, development of more newer and advanced forensic tools and techniques is being embraced as technology and time progresses. Thus, courts are increasingly relying more on scientific evidence to deliver a judgment. Problems Associated with Forensic Science and DNA Evidence. Evidences of forensic science should always be neutral. Scientists should not have any stake in the case outcome though this is not always the case. Numerous deficiencies have threatened to limit forensic services to the society and have therefore weakened its presumed scientific foundation. Below are some of the major problems in forensic science and DNA testing: Astounding Frequency of Cross-Contamination and Sample Mix-Ups A surprisingly high rate of errors in the laboratory is one of the emerging problems which involves cross-contamination and mix-up of DNA samples. Such errors appear to be persistent and crop up even in the accredited DNA labs. The forensic scientists though have managed to reduce such instances and thus the rate of DNA testing errors have been claimed to be low thus negligible, but growing evidence suggests otherwise. Bad Laboratories Uneven state of forensic DNA labs is another recognized chronic problem. Labs differ significantly in the care with which they authenticate their methods and the severity with which they are carried out. Procedures that are followed religiously in quality assurance and quality control in some laboratories are disregarded or followed constantly in others. Bad laboratories have always been there but detection of their shoddy work has always been complex (Neubauer, 2009),. This is because such labs are in jurisdictions which have traditionally safeguarded crime labs from external examination. For example according to Strutin: It is now recognized that the Houston Police Department (HPD) Crime laboratory did grossly inadequate incompetent and biased DNA and serology work for well over a decade before a team of television journalists exposed the problems in late 2002. Dishonest DNA Analysts Test results are at times falsified by deceitful DNA Analysts. This emerging problem has led to the analysts faking test outcome to cover up errors that come up from sample mix-ups and cross-contamination of DNA samples. Connecting the evidence and the suspect Nuclear DNA analysis being an exception, there is no other forensic method that has severely shown the capacity to persistently, with a high degree of assurance, exhibit a connection between a specific individual or source and the evidence. For instance, fingerprint analyses have more available research and conventional protocols than for bite marks analysis. There are also notable variations within the disciplines. For instance, all fingerprints evidence is not equally good reason being that the determination of a true value evidence is the latent fingerprint image quality. These disparities within and between the forensic systems disciplines bring to light a serious problem in the forensic community. Inadequate legal counsel is another major problem DNA testing will not solve. In some instances, defense counsel never consulted scientific experts. DNA Analysis in the forensic science is taking a slow speed on its road to admissibility. Insufficient funds are evident in certain jurisdictions and they therefore cannot send evidence items to private labs or establish own lab. Labs that perform tests have often had backlogs measured in months. A great burden is imposed by defense counsel, prosecutors and courts on labs time in discovery battles that often transpire when there are upcoming new techniques on forensic scenes. Though valuable forensic DNA evidence can be found in decades old samples, the DNA left in scenes of crime can be affected by factors like: sunlight, bacteria, moisture and heat among others. As a result, such DNA may not be used to give evidence and just like the fingerprints, analysts will not use DNA testing to give the time period when a suspect was at the scene of crime or at what time the suspect was there. Exoneration Based on DNA Evidence Cases that would have been impossible to prosecute before the arrival of DNA typing are now prosecuted. A number of states created DNA data bases on offenders that are known which they compare against unsettled crimes. Matches are provided from their databases which assist to successfully prosecute a handful of them. Persons wrongly convicted are exonerated by use of DNA which is termed as a legislative reform movement. Convictions can be successfully challenged using DNA analysis on existing evidence. To ensure that testimony and results can withstand rigorous examination and that they are of high caliber, high standards are maintained for the collection and preserving of evidence. DNA methodology of testing must also meet precise scientific criteria for accuracy and reliability. In future, we expect miniaturized portable instrumentation to provide crime scene analysis that will be computer-link remote analysis. This will allow quick identification and rapid elimination of innocent suspects. Availability of markers will also be needed to identify physical qualities of the DNA contributor. Using this information, it will be easy to narrow a suspect search with increase in efficiency and accuracy of operation. Conclusion It is clear that the United States justice system depends on the use of natural science-based forensic evidence, and admissibility is simply one of the steps evidence must satisfy to be utilized in the justice system. In the near future, it is very likely that the admissibility of science as evidence will be challenged in the United States Supreme Court as technology develops and allows researchers to gain precise results and understanding of the human body. At the present, it is too early to determine whether the Federal Rules of Evidence are outdated, however this does not mean that the construct of the legislation should not be reexamined. Forensic analysis, though controversial in many aspects, constitutes a primary source of information for the tier of fact when determining a verdict for a case. Thus, natural science-based forensic evidence should be carefully studied and examined thoroughly in order for justice to be properly achieved.

Death of a salesman :: essays research papers

Instability Lead Life to Its End The character Willy Loman from the play Death of a Salesman has been read throughout the years with distinct interpretations. Many people have given different reasons to what led to Willy’s tragic fate. One interpretation I took was that Willy’s instability in his life led to his death. Some point that led in to my interpretation were his early family life, his relationship with Biff, and his job.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Willy’s early family life was a difficult one with its many inconsistencies. In Willy’s early childhood his father left; this left him with many questions about his father and how to be a father. In one scene we see Willy talking to Ben and Willy voices questions and comments about when their father left. Willy asks â€Å"Where is Dad?† and says â€Å"Dad left when I was such a baby and I never had a chance to talk to him.† Willy also voices his concerns about being a father. He says â€Å"sometimes I’m afraid that I’m not teaching them the right kind of—Ben, how should I teach them?† In this early life Willy and his family move around a lot. People and places changed around them fairly swiftly. Another inconsistency in his early family life was his relationship with his brother, Ben. Ben left Willy without looking back. Ben comes in and out of Willy’s life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Willy’s relationship with Biff has its highs and lows throughout the play making it difficult to establish a feel for their feeling towards each other. In the eyes of an early Biff there is nothing but love and devotion towards his father. Even Willy says Biff would â€Å"go into the jaws of hell for me†. This type of affections changes after Biff finds out about his father’s infidelity. Biff loses total respect for his father and calls Willy a â€Å"liar† and a â€Å"fake†. Willy saw early Biff as being a son he could be proud of with all Biff’s football victories and successes with girls. As time passes and Biff comes home from the west it is evident that Willy no longer feels pride towards Biff. Biff has no job and wasn’t making much money at his last job therefore Willy feels no pride towards Biff. Near the end of the play Willy’s feelings towards Biff change once again. Willy comes to believe that Biff l oves him. Willy starts to says things like â€Å"that boy is going to be magnificent†.

The Gift of the Magi Analysis Base on Mla Format

Name Subject Lecturer Date Sacrifice Della and Jim as a Young Married Couple in â€Å"The Gift of the Magi† By O. Henry William Sydney Porter who also known by his pen name O. Henry. He was born on September 11, 1862 in Greensboro, North Carolina. O. Henry was an american author that always make excellent literary’s work with twist plot, suprising ending and irony as his style and usually his works also inspired by social live or condition. The several famous O.Henry works like  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Ransom of Red Chief, â€Å"The Furnished Room† and â€Å"The Gift of the Magi. † The Gift of the Magi to tell about a young married couple (Della and Jim) who to face the economic crisis in their live. They supposed to buy a prize for the Christmas Eve, but they just have bit money. Della who have a beautiful hair and Jim have a precious clock, finally Della’s sell her hair, and buy an expensive chain for Jim’s clock, and Jim sell his precious clock and h e changes it into an expensive hair accessories.The gift of the magi who setting when Chrismast Eve, with the main characters Della and Jim, the theme about a young marriage couple who to test their love in the Chrismast Eve, and the irony happens at the time they gift their present for each others. In this work O. Henry describe about young couple married, Della and Jim still young but they will become an adult when they’re try to solve their own problem. O.Henry describes the character Jim have a mature think, likewise Della’s, Della character is not an egoist wife, and an understanding wife and also she try to not bothered his husband otherwise she really helps Jim with : â€Å"Pennies saved one and two at a time by bulldozing the grocer and the vegetable man and the butcher until one's cheeks burned with the silent imputation of parsimony that such close dealing implied. Three times Della counted it. † Della’s understand their economic condition, and that’s way she help her husband.And how about Jim? Jim is a sample of husband who has a duty to make his wife happy; he’s a hard working man. He is also selling his precious clock to give Della Chrismast present with an expensive hair accessories. O. Henry makes a solving Della and Jim problems are, Della finally find how the way she can give her husband a prize, she’s sells her beautiful wave hair, and then she buy her husband and likewise with Jim. They immolate their precious things to give a present in the Chistmast Eve.Then in the relationship of marriage needs an understanding feeling without this feeling the relationship will be broken moreover they are still young couple, many young couples who have egoistic characters because they still young and difficult to control their emotions and finally get divorce is the best solution . But, differ to Della and Jim, they look so mature person when their face into trouble life, they have sacrifice love: â€Å"De ll,† said he, â€Å"let's put our Christmas presents away and keep 'em a while. They're too nice to use just at present. I sold the watch to get the money to buy your combs. And now suppose you put the chops on. In this works O. Henry likes neutral when describe their both characters. He’s use the feminism and heroic fenomens in describing each character. Della a strong woman and Jim a sincere man. They sincerity and their sacrifice love suitable as an example to the others young married couples. Works Cited Henry, O. â€Å"The gift of the magi. † Web. 19 Dec. 2012. Henry, O. â€Å"The gift of the magi. † Theme. Web. 19 Dec. 2012. Henry ,O. â€Å"Wikipedia. † Web. 19 Dec. 2012.

General Labour Affects On The Gross Domestic Product

Canada may be headed into a recession. The economy contracted 0.6% in the first quarter of 2015. The forecast for the year is 2.0%. The central bank cut interest rates from 1.0% to 0.5%. That may only aggravate a housing bubble. The government could spend more, but the debt-to-GDP ratio is an already-high 92%. In this paper I am going to be focusing on general labour and how it coincides with Canada’s economy. So far general labour has been helping the Canadian economy grow and become stronger but for 2015, this has not been the case. The three things focused on in this report are general labour affects on the gross domestic product (GDP), inflation and unemployment. These three things are the base of the Canadian economy. Without these†¦show more content†¦For example, 62% of the job vacancies were in this province. This is bad for GDP because if there is a decline in general a laborer work, it is only a matter of time that Canada’s GDP will also decline due t o the decrease in demand for those workers. Businesses that need general laborer workers will look for workers in other countries. These businesses will be exporting labour to other countries that have the general labour staff they desire and will be contributing to their GDP growth. Since the general laborers are outside Canada, most of our finished goods will be exported into Canada. This will lead to the loss of more jobs and the decline of our GDP. The primary and secondary sectors are increasingly dominated by automation, and the demand for workforce numbers falls in these sectors. This may be good because this will increase productivity and help business save costs. Sadly, the replacement of human works for these automated machines is eliminating more jobs for Canadians. More Canadians will need to find jobs elsewhere, which will only hurt the GDP because those without work will rely on government assistance until they find employment. Inflation Inflation is the rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising and the purchasing power of currency is falling. Canada is currently has an inflation rate of 1%. As Canadians, we have a goal of keeping out inflation rate

Analysis of Stephen Cranes, Maggie A Girl Of The...

Analysis of Stephen Cranes, Maggie: A Girl of the Streets Today in modern America, it has become almost impossible to avoid the tales of horror that surround us almost anywhere we go. Scandals, murders, theft, corruption, extortion, abuse, prostitution, all common occurrences in this day in age. A hundred years ago however, people did not see the world in quite such an open manner despite the fact that in many ways, similarities were abundant. People’s lives were, in their views, free of all evil and pollution. They assumed they lived peaceful lives and those around them lived the same flawless lives untouched by corruption as well. Many were too blind to see beyond their own homes and into the lives of others who dealt with a†¦show more content†¦His use of dialect throughout the novel is virtually impossible to ignore. The choppy uneducated lines and dialogue shows the obvious knowledge of the way the poor lived and the purpose behind the writing. Crane was able to develop his own dialect which was reflected in his writings. His dialogue is perhaps the best aspect of his writing gained through his experience. Crane used dialect as the basis of his writings (Karlen, 5843). All other techniques fell into place and based themselves around this aspect (Karlen, 5843). Crane’s unique way of expressing the events that are taking place is perhaps one of the most admirable qualities of his writings. â€Å"The girl, Maggie, blossomed in a mud puddle. She grew up to be a most rare and wonderful production of a tenement district, a pretty girl†(Crane, 16). Crane’s choice of wording in this description of a grown Maggie is one of the many examples of Crane’s unique choice of wording in contrasting Maggie, a beautiful girl, to a mud puddle, the tenements, which she’d grown up around. Amo Karlen describes this kind of writing as being one of Crane’s, â€Å"†¦little masterpieces of the most subtle and difficult prose effects—rhythm, assonance, alliteration—and full of premeditated irony or menacing beauty†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (5844). Aside from his contrasting views, the dialogue among Crane’sShow MoreRelatedNaturalism in Stephen Cranes Maggie: a Girl of the Streets1630 Words   |  7 PagesNaturalism in Stephen Crane’s â€Å"Maggie: A Girl of the Streets† â€Å"Maggie: A Girl of the Streets,† is a novella written by Stephen Crane and published in the year 1893. This work was published during the time of the Industrial Revolution, when factories were appearing everywhere. Their workers were often not paid enough to lead a decent life, and suffered from their situation. They were not very civilized and sometimes aggressive in their behavior. Perhaps because of this radical change from a more agriculturalRead Morea dark brown dog Essay example899 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Alicia Rush Don Godfrey ENGL 1510 â€Å"A Dark Brown Dog† Analysis In Stephen Crane’s short story of â€Å"A Dark Brown Dog†, he writes about a young boy who finds, neglects, and befriends a ragged puppy, with a rope dragging the ground, when they meet. The boy takes fun in abusing the puppy, but when he tires of this he makes his way home. The puppy, even though the boy was not nice, starts to follows the boy home. When arriving home the boy defends the puppy to claiming him as his own. The boy’s fatherRead MoreEssay about History: World War I and Bold Experiments7600 Words   |  31 Pagescities bereft of a working class (e) not enough commercial entertainment was available for the burgeoning population Broward Practice Questions F 125 4. Modern cities offered all the following amenities ExCEPT (a) public transportation (b) street lights (c) dance halls (d) comfortable, modern housing for the working classes (e) skyscrapers 5. Social Darwinists believed that (a) government should create social services to aid the poor (b) human competition is a law of nature and the fittest

The Non Christian Holidays - 1783 Words

Eid is the most sacred and festive day for a Muslim such as myself. Time goes by in a flash, the fall semester had just begun and Eid was days away. Imagine my sadness that I would not be able to spend this special day with my family – I would have to go to class instead. Fordham is a Jesuit University that becomes more diverse every year as new students join the community. Change takes place on campus; however, does this change allow for equal privileges among all the students? Every year, thousands of freshmen enter the gates of Fordham University. Among these students, not all are Christian. Some are Jews, some Muslim, and some Hindu and Buddhist. As a Jesuit school, Fordham mainly recognizes Christian holidays as official holidays.†¦show more content†¦Diversity must be accepted and acknowledged as a change among the people for the university to flourish. We must understand that each of us are unique in our own ways; therefore, every student has something to offer to the university. Some are defined by their grades or social media, while others define themselves through their religious beliefs. The university must acknowledge the presence of change arising on campus so that every individual, Christian or not, receives equal benefits of being a part of the Fordham community. According to Cappex, Fordham stands to be predominately Roman Christian even with the large number of cultural groups on campus. What about the minority, are they not included? In 2011, Religious Preference of enrolled freshman out of 1,986 students are: 0.9% Buddhist, 0.9% Hindu, 2.0% Jewish, 2.0% Muslim, 50.5% Catholic, 2.6% Greek Orthodox, and 8.5% Protestant. As of 2015, out of 2,211 students there are 0.8% Buddhist, 1.4% Hindu, 2.3% Jewish, 4.0% Muslim, 48.8% Catholic, 1.8% Greek Orthodox, and 7.0% Protestant. After four years, the religious diversity among the students attending Fordham

Transformational and Transactional Leadership Style †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Transformational and Transactional Leadership Style. Answer: Introduction The motivation level of the employees plays a great role to operate the functions of the organization. It is seen that the employee should be motivated in a proper manner so that the efficiency and productivity can be enhanced (Yidong and Xinxin, 2013). There are many leadership theories that should be taken into consideration by every leader for enhancing the level of motivation of the employees who are working in the organization. It is seen that the mission to motivate employees should be clear and the leaders should adopt effective relationship with the employees so that they can help them to work efficiently. In this paper, transactional and transformational leadership is taken into consideration (Northouse, 2015). Analysis: Transformational Leadership Style The transformational leadership is related to give motivation, inspiration and also help the employees to conduct the activities of the organization in a proper manner. When transformational leadership is taken into consideration, then it is analyzed that the employees work with full dedication towards the work and also assist other employees to work with dedication in the organization (Vandenabeele, 2014). Transformational leadership enhances the intrinsic value of the employees who are working in the organization. Intrinsic value can be created when the respect is given to the need of autonomy. The employees should feel control on their own health and should be ready to support when the actions are taken into consideration. To create intrinsic motivation environment, it is essential to make the process easy to monitor and celebrate the progress. It takes place when the employees of the organization give their contribution towards their working pattern. The communication also enhanc es the quality of life and financial stability. The leaders who follow this style have a clear vision towards the mission of the organization. The leaders outline the steps that are required to the company for carrying out the day to day activities of the organization. It involves the employees to attain the objectives and a goal of the organization (Torres, Espinosa, Dornberger and Acosta, 2017). Transactional leadership Style Transactional leadership is related to the leader who doesn't involve the employees of the organization unless the mistake takes place. When the mistake occurs, it is seen that the leaders take corrective steps at that time. Transactional leadership is also related to the leaders who want the same procedures in the company that should be followed by the employees of the organization. It is seen that the transactional leaders do not give motivation to the employees and also don't assist them in enhancing the career growth (Miner, 2015). As analyzed to attain success in the market the organization should take into consideration effective leadership styles. Transactional leadership is considered as the most important leadership style that helps to give guidance to the company. To enhance the motivation level and to praise the employees influences the workers to perform in a better way. So, this type of leadership is an effective leadership that gives rewards to the employees for the better performance and also gives punishment for the giving unsatisfied performance (Dumdum, Lowe and Avolio, 2013). Transactional leadership style enhances the skills of the employees and also gives the motivation to perform better. This leadership style not only offers rewards to the employees but also minimizes the work pressure and enhances the moral behavior. By giving rewards to the employees it can encourage them to perform better in the tasks. This will not only result in the healthy competition but also enhances the performance of the employees in future. Rewards are considered as a most important motivational tool that should be used by the leader to give the positive impact on the operations of the organization. The leaders are born to enhance the motivational level of the employees to gives best towards their work. Leaders also create a positive environment so that workers can enhance their level of productivity. The organization should focus on giving proper leadership that gives motivation and creates innovative behavior. So, to enhance the profitability it is essential that company should give focus on motivating the employees of the organization (Choudhary, Akhtar and Zaheer, 2013). Conclusion The main purpose of the study is to take into consideration the effectiveness of leadership style in the organization. This paper has given focus on transactional and transformational leadership styles, which enhances the motivation of the employees who are working in the organization. After analyzing the leadership style it is seen that motivation is an important aspect that enhances the profitability and productivity of the organization. If the employees are rewarded then the performance levels of the employees get boosted and also the company attains the goals and objectives in an effective manner. Transactional and transformational leadership is an effective leadership style that should be taken into consideration by the leaders of the organization. So, by proper evaluation, it can be said that the leadership behavior may influence the motivation of individuals in the organization. References Yidong, T. and Xinxin, L., 2013. How ethical leadership influence employees innovative work behavior: A perspective of intrinsic motivation.Journal of Business Ethics,116(2), pp.441-455. Northouse, P.G., 2015.Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Vandenabeele, W., 2014. Explaining public service motivation: The role of leadership and basic needs satisfaction.Review of Public Personnel Administration,34(2), pp.153-173. Torres, F.C., Espinosa, J.C., Dornberger, U. and Acosta, Y.A.C., 2017. Leadership and Employees Innovative Work Behavior: Test of a Mediation and Moderation Model.Asian Social Science,13(9), p.9. Miner, J.B., 2015.Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. Dumdum, U.R., Lowe, K.B. and Avolio, B.J., 2013. A meta-analysis of transformational and transactional leadership correlates of effectiveness and satisfaction: An update and extension. InTransformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead 10th Anniversary Edition(pp. 39-70). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Choudhary, A.I., Akhtar, S.A. and Zaheer, A., 2013. Impact of transformational and servant leadership on organizational performance: A comparative analysis.Journal of Business Ethics,116(2), pp.433-440.